译文：母猪的饲养--妊娠期和哺乳期的管理方案-广州市畜宝动物营养有限公司成立于2005年，从开创至今专注致力于环保高效的有机微量元素，以及纯天然膳食纤维的推广应用。公司秉承“以猪为本，健康高效，安全环保”的养殖理念，坚持为顾客提供优质的产品和专业技术服务。

Feeding the Sow: Comparison of Gestational and Lactation Programmes

母猪的饲养：妊娠期和哺乳期的管理方案

08 October 2014

Paul H. Luimes of the University of Guelph described his work comparing two feeding programmes during pregnancy and three during lactation on sow health and productivity over three parities to the 2014 London Swine Conference.

Introduction 摘要

There are a number of important reasons that sow nutritional performance during lactation is of great interest to producers.In a series of excellent extension articles, Flowers (2002a,b) indicated that, when troubleshooting reproductive problems in sows, a key event to investigate carefully is feed intake of the sow during her previous lactation.Besides the reproductive performance of the sow, piglet performance is also intrinsically associated with the nutritional status and, as a result, milk production, of its dam (Noblet and Etienne, 1989).

An element of how a sow performs during lactation has to do with the gestational feeding program that is in place (Koketsu et al., 1996; Quinioiu, 2005).There has been some interesting work on feeding during gestation (Young et al. 2004). These data have resulted in extension materials being developed recommending feeding according to gestating sow weight and back fat thickness rather than simply body condition score (Aherne, 2008b).With this method, Young et al. (2004) found no improvement in subsequent lactation performance but did find the program did result in fewer over-conditioned sows and less feed cost per sow annually. As well, by increasing feed allotment during late gestation sows experienced easier farrowing but no improvement in sow or piglet performance (Quiniou, 2005).

Koketsu et al. (1996) analyzed a large PigChamp database and found many factors to be related to the average daily feed intake of a sow. Pattern of consumption, litter size, lactation length, parity, gestation feeding program and environment, i.e. temperature and humidity, all were shown to affect average daily feed intake by sows (Koketsu et al. 1996).

生产者们对影响哺乳母猪泌乳性能的各种因素极其关注。在一系列优秀的相关文章中，Flowers (2002a,b) 指出，解决母猪繁殖问题时，需要仔细研究的一个重要指标是其前一哺乳期间的采食量。除了母猪的繁殖性能，仔猪的生长性能也与营养状况存有直接的联系，因此，母猪奶水不足会限制小猪的生长(Noblet and Etienne, 1989)。

影响哺乳母猪泌乳性能的其中一个重要因素是妊娠期的合理饲喂方案。Young 等在母猪妊娠期间做了一些有趣的研究（Young et al. 2004），并通过这些研究数据统计的结果建议，应根据怀孕母猪的体重和背膘厚而不是简单的体况评分作为参考来设定饲喂。Young 等(2004)发现，运用这种方法来设定妊娠期母猪的饲喂方案，并没有改善后续哺乳期的泌乳性能，但却减少了母猪的饲养成本。同时，增加妊娠后期母猪的饲喂量可以使其更容易产出小猪，但对母猪及小猪的性能并没有改善(Quiniou, 2005)。

Koketsu 等(1996)通过分析大型PigChamp数据库发现许多因素与母猪的平均日采食量相关。如消化模式、仔猪窝重、哺乳周期、胎次、妊娠期饲喂方案和环境（如温度和湿度）等，都被证明会影响母猪平均日采食量(Koketsu et al. 1996)。

Vignola (2009) summarised a number of other principles or factors that affect feed intake of nursing sows:

1、Too restrictive feed allowance ；

2、Water intake (both in the feed (as gruel) and as a separate fresh drinking source)；

3、Employee stockmanship skills ；

4、Animal comfort/equipment management.

Vignola (2009)等总结了其他一些影响哺乳母猪采食量的因素：

1. 妊娠期过度限饲；

2. 水的摄入（包括饲料中的水分及直接饮用的新鲜水源）；

3. 饲养员的操作；

4. 动物的舒适度/设备管理。

Some of these factors, when controlled, have been shown to affect sow feed intake and lactation performance, for example, water intake and temperature (Leibbrandt et al., 2001).A number of strategies have been developed in efforts to reduce the risk of a drop in feed intake for nursing sows. While there are extension publications readily available explaining the “best” system, there has been very little experimental data published to compare these methods.

Aherne (2008a) explained a method of slowly increasing feed intake up to a target (4 lb + 1.25lb per piglet) by day 8 and holding that intake level until day 12 (which coincides with the time of high risk to go off feed seen by Koketsu (2006)). On day 13, Aherne (2008a) recommended feeding ad libitum. Another method that appears to be popular is feeding ad libitum for the entire lactation. Finally, a method being recommended by some (Loula, 2009) is a variation of the last method where the sow can “self-feed” by dispensing feed into her trough by turning a wheel.

To the author's knowledge, no work has been done to investigate the three methods of feeding lactating sows side-by-side. Nor has there been any published work to investigate the interaction of the methods of feeding gestating sows and lactating sows on a sow’s nutritional, metabolic and reproductive performance and resulting litter performance to weaning.

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various feeding regimes for gestating and nursing sows and being able to monitor their nutritional/metabolic health will be of benefit in reducing pre-weaned mortalities and increasing weaning weight in piglets as well as improving the sow’s subsequent reproductive performance.

通过控制其中的一些因素，如水的摄入和温度等，将会对母猪的采食和哺乳性能产生影响(Leibbrandt et al., 2001)。曾有人在减少哺乳母猪采食量下降的风险方面已经制定了一些方案。虽然有一些已发表的文章对“最佳”方案作出过解释，但对这些方案进行同时比较的试验数据却很少。

Aherne (2008a)介绍了一种将饲料摄入缓慢增加到目标采食量的方案，从第8天开始（按4磅+1.25磅/每头仔猪计算）并保持摄入水平直到第12天（这与母猪采食波峰的时间相一致Koketsu (2006)），第13天开始自由采食；还有一种似乎更受欢迎的方案是整个哺乳期都让母猪自由采食。另外，(Loula, 2009)等推荐的方案是通过自动喂料器实现母猪的自由采食。

据作者所知，目前仍没有对这三种哺乳母猪饲喂方案同时做过研究比较的相关工作。也没有任何公开的研究调查过，妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪的饲喂方案对其营养、代谢、繁殖性能的影响和由此对断奶仔猪性能所产生的相互作用。

了解妊娠和哺乳母猪各种饲喂方案的优缺点，并且监测其营养/代谢健康，将有助于减少断奶仔猪死亡率和增加断奶重，以及改善母猪随后的繁殖性能。

Animals and Treatments试验动物及处理

Three hundred sows were randomly assigned (after being balanced for parity) to six treatments set up in a 2×3 factorial design.

There were two types of gestational feeding:

· The first (“Conv.”) was a typical method where the producer does a visual appraisal of the sow’s condition and sets a feed amount based upon that visual inspection.

· The second (“Kansas”) was the system as promoted by the Kansas State Swine Extension group (Young et al. 2004) where sows are weighed and their back fat is measured using an ultrasound. Feed amounts are set based on a table that can be customised for the energy density of the diet and number of feedings per day (one in this case).

There were three types of lactation sow feeding：

· The first (“Conv.”) was feeding as much as the sow wishes (ad libitum) from day 3 onward. The goal was that there was always a little feed left in the feed trough when the next feeding occurred.

· The second (“Ramp”) was such that the amount is slowly ramped up to ad libitum over 13 days. On day 1, sows received 2.0 kg of feed, on days 2 and 3 sows received 3.0kg of feed. From days 4 to 8, sows were ramped up as quickly as possible to 1.8 kg + 0.6kg per piglet of feed. When this target level was attained, it was maintained until day 12. From day 13 onwards, the sow was fed ad libitum. This method was recommended by Aherne (2008a).

· The third (“Ad libitum”) feeding method was self-feeders where the sow could decide for herself how much she would like to consume from day 1 to weaning.

The treatments were applied over three parities in order to determine what the longer term effects of the various feeding regimes would be. All sows were fed the same diets across treatments (gestating and lactating rations).

三百头母猪随机分配到6（2×3因子设计）个处理组中。

分为两种类型的妊娠期饲喂方案：

· 方案一 (“Conv.”)：是典型的方法，生产者根据目测母猪的体况按需设置饲喂量。

· 方案二(“Kansas”)：是由“堪萨斯州养猪集团”(Young et al. 2004)推广的系统，对母猪进行称重和用超声波测量背膘厚，并根据饲料的能量密度和每天的饲喂次数（在这种情况下为1次）定制的表设置饲料量。

分为三种类型的哺乳母猪饲喂方案：

· 方案一(“Conv.”)：从产后第三天开始让母猪自由采食，目标是在每一次加料时，料槽中仍有少量剩余的饲料。

· 方案二(“Ramp”)：在产后13天内缓慢增加饲喂量至采食最大化。在第1天饲喂2.0㎏饲料；第2、第3天饲喂3.0㎏饲料；第4至第8天，将母猪的采食量尽可能快的提升至1.8㎏+0.6㎏×带仔数；当达到该水平时，保持直到第12天；从第13天开始，让母猪自由采食。这种方法是由Aherne (2008a)推荐的。

· 方案三（“自由采食”）：通过自动喂料器饲喂，从产后到断奶哺乳母猪可自主决定采食量。

为了验证各种饲喂方案的长期效果，将处理方案应用于三个等级，所有母猪在试验中饲喂相同的饲料。

Data Collection and Analyses

Feed intake and sow and piglet mortality events were recorded on a daily basis. Piglets were weighed at birth and again at weaning. Sows were ultrasounded for back fat when moved into the farrowing crate and again after weaning.

Feed samples were collected on a monthly basis. Sow weights were recorded when moved into the farrowing crate, as soon after farrowing as possible (usually same day or the next day) and when moved out of the farrowing crate.

Reproductive parameters (weaning-to-oestrus interval, farrowing rate, litter size (alive, stillborn and mummified)) were recorded for each parity. All data were analysed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Repeated measures were conducted on all data that were measured repeatedly over time. Factors of interest are: sow feed intake, back fat changes, piglet performance and reproductive performance of sows.

数据记录与分析

每天记录母猪的采食量和仔猪的死亡情况；仔猪在出生时和断奶时称重；在母猪上产床和断奶后分别进行超声检查测量背膘厚。

每月收集饲料样品。在母猪分娩后（通常在同一天货第二天）和离开产房时分别记录体重。记录每个繁殖参数如断奶至发情间隔、分娩率、同窝仔猪数（活仔数、死胎和木乃伊胎）。所有数据运用SAS混合程序分析。对所有随时间重复测量的数据进行重复测量。关键因素：母猪的采食量、背膘厚的变化、繁殖性能和仔猪的性能。

Results结果

At time of submission of this article all of the data have not been analyzed but Table 1 is a summary of some of the data.

提交本文时，尚未分析所有数据，但表1对某些数据进行了总结

Discussion 讨论

None of the statistical differences seen was remarkable but until the economics of the differences are determined we must be careful to pass them off as not important. The difference in feed intake during lactation for the two gestational treatments is interesting.Until we get the gestation data all analysed it is difficult to make any substantial conclusions. It appears the slow ramp-up method recommended by Aherne (2008a) resulted in the largest feed intake for the lactating sows. This, coupled with the combination of lowest bodyweight loss during lactation and piglet weaning weight for that treatment, makes this system positive especially for farms where sows lose concerning amounts of body weight during lactation.The conventional system of lactational feeding resulted in the largest body weight loss during lactation but also resulted in comparable weaning weights in piglets. The ad libitum system of feeding during lactation resulted in the largest litter size at birth (past the first period/trial parity) but unfortunately, because the cross-fostering that was completed on the farm what impact it would have accumulated in over lactations may have been confounded.

The companion paper to this one, by Dale Rozeboom (2014), delves into nutritional requirements during the critical periparturient period.

从数据上看统计差异并不显著，当其在经济学上的差异还不明确之前，我们暂且把这些差异性看作不重要。两个不同的妊娠期饲喂方案所对应的哺乳期采食量差异是很有意思的。直至我们分析了所有妊娠数据也很难做出任何实质性的结论。相比较下，Aherne (2008a)推荐的缓慢增加饲喂量的方法最能促进哺乳母猪的采食量达到最大化。这是哺乳期母猪最低体重损失和仔猪断奶重量相结合的结果，该方案特别适用于常出现哺乳母猪掉膘的猪场。这套常规的哺乳期饲喂方案能让母猪的泌乳失重降到最低，同时也使断奶仔猪达到相当的体重。哺乳期自由采食饲喂方案能提高母猪下一胎次仔猪的初生窝重，但不幸的是，由于猪场实行交叉育种会导致哺乳期累积的影响被其他因素所混淆。

Dale Rozeboom（2014）的这篇论文，深入研究了围产期的营养需求。

Acknowledgement致谢:

The author acknowledges funding from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Ontario Pork for this project, as well as the cooperation and dedication of the owners and employees of Bartside Farms where the trial took place.

References参考文献

· Aherne, F.X. 2008a. Feeding the lactating sow. Pork Industry Handbook. PIH 07-01-05.

· Aherne, F.X. 2008b. Feeding the gestating sow. Pork Industry Handbook. PIH 07-01-06.

· Flowers, W.L. 2002a. Using reproductive physiology to troubleshoot fertility problems (Part I). Swine News NC State Swine Extension 25, 7.

· Flowers, W.L. 2002b. Using reproductive physiology to troubleshoot fertility problems (Part II). Swine News NC State Swine Extension 25, 8.

· Koketsu, Y., Dial, G.D., Pettigrew, J.E. and King, V.L. 1996. Feed intake pattern during lactation and subsequent reproductive performance of sows. J Anim Sci 74:2875-84.

· Larriestra, A.J., Maes, D.G., Deen, J. and Morrison, R.B. 2005. Mixed models applied to the study of variation of grower-finisher mortality and culling rates of a large swine production system. Can J Vet Res 69:26-31.

· Leibbrandt, V.D., Johnston, L.J., Shurson, G.C., Crenshaw, J.D., Libal, G.W. and Arthur, R.D. 2001. Effect of nipple drinker water flow rate and season on performance of lactating swine. J Anim Sci. 7:2770-75.

· Loula, T. 2009. Keynote address: Marketing into the Future. 47th Annual Southwestern Ontario Pork Conference. Ridgetown, Ontario.

· Noblet, J. and Etienne, M. 1989. Estimation of sow milk nutrient output. J Anim Sci 67:3352-9.

· Quiniou, N. 2005. Influence de la quantité d’aliment allouée à la truie en fin de gestation sur le déroulement de la mise bas, la vitalité des porcelets et les performances de lactation. Journées de Recherche Porcine 37:187-194.

· Rozeboom, D.W. 2014. Feeding the sow: peri-partum. Proceedings of the 14th London Swine Conference, in press

· Vignola, M. 2009. Sow feeding management during lactation. Proceedings of the 9th London Swine Conference p107-117.

· Young, M.G., Tokach, M.D., Aherne, F.X., Main, R.G., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D. and Nelssen, J.L. 2004. Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance. J Anim Sci 82:3058-70.

Reference

Luimes P.H. 2014. Feeding the sow: Comparison of gestational and lactation programmes. Proceedings of the London Swine Conference. London, Ontario, Canada. 26 to 27 March 2014. p45-49.

[译文：母猪的饲养--妊娠期和哺乳期的管理方案]